Knowledge Booster

        QUESTIONS   Question 1. Give the uses of freon 12, DDT, carbon tetrachloride and iodoform. Question 2. p-Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p. and lower solubility than those of o- and m-isomers. Discuss.

QUESTIONS Question 1:  Write the isomers of the compound having formula C4H9Br. Question 2:  Write the equations for the preparation of 1−iodobutane from (i) 1-butanol (ii) 1-chlorobutane (iii) but-1-ene Question 2:  How will you bring about the followin g conversions? (i) Ethanol to but-1-yne (ii) Ethane to bromoethene (iii) Propene to 1-nitropropane (iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol (v) Propene to propyne (vi) Ethanol to ethyl fluoride (vii) Bromomethane to propanone (viii) But-1-ene to but-2-ene  (ix) 1-Chlorobutane to n-octane  (x) Benzene to biphenyl. Question 3:  Explain why?  (i) the dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride? (ii) alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water? (iii) Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions?

PRACTICE QUESTIONS Question  1. Write the structures of the following organic halogen compounds. (i) 2 -Chloro-3 -methylpentane (ii) p -Bromochlorobenzene (iii) 1 -Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane (iv) 2 – (2 -Chlorophenyl) -1 -iodooctane (v) Perfluorobenzene (vi) 4 – tert – Butyl -3 -iodoheptane (vii) 1 – Bromo – 4 – sec – butyl – 2 – methylbenzene (viii) 1 ,4 – Dibromobut – 2 – ene Question  2. Which one of the following has the highest dipole moment? (i) CH2Cl2 (ii) CHCl3 (iii) CCl4 Question 3. A hydrocarbon C5H10 does not react with chlorine in dark but gives a single monochloro compound C5H9Cl in bright sunlight. Identify the hydrocarbon.

            PRACTICE QUESTIONS Question 10.1: Name the following halides according to IUPAC system and classify them as alkyl, allyl, benzyl ( primary, secondary, tertiary ), vinyl or aryl halides : (i) (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(Cl)CH 3 (ii) CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH(C 2 H 5 )Cl (iii) CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 I (iv) (CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 CH(Br)C 6 H 5 (v) CH 3 CH(CH 3 )CH(Br)CH 3 (vi) CH 3 C(C 2 H 5 ) 2 CH 2 Br (vii) CH 3 C(Cl)(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 CH 3 (viii) CH 3 CH=C(Cl)CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 (ix) CH 3 CH=CHC(Br)(CH 3 ) 2 (x) p-ClC 6 H 4 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 (xi) m-ClCH 2 C 6 H 4 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 (xii) o-Br-C 6 H 4 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH Question 10.2:Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds: (i) CH3 CH(Cl) CH(Br) CH3 (ii) CH F2 CBr ClF (iii) Cl CH2 C ≡ C CH2 Br (iv) ( CCl 3) 3 CCl (v) CH3 C (p – Cl C6 H4 )2 CH(Br) CH3 (vi) (CH3 )3 C CH = C Cl C6 H4 I 

NATURE OF C-X BOND :  •  Halogens is more electronegative than carbons.  •  Carbon atom has partial positive charge •  The nature of C-X bond depends on both the nature of carbon in the aromatic ring and the halogen attached.  •  Florine has the highest electronegative element of halogens.  •  The halogens elements(17th group) are just one electron short of completing their nearest novel gas configurations.  •  Electronegativity increased across a period from left to right.      (F>Cl>Br>I)  •  The C-X bond in haloarenes is polarised as 'X' are more electronegative than carbon.  •  The only one sigma bond is formed between one carbon and one halogen.  •  The atomic size has increased Florine to down the period.  •  The C-X bond length in haloarenes increases from Florine(F) to Astetine(As) and bond dissociated strength decreases....

Question . Discuss the structure of Side chain halogen Compounds.  Question . How do you to identify aromatic compounds. Discuss. 

Question 1.  How to explain 1°, 2°, and 3° Alkile Halides. Give the examples.  Question 2.  Give the molecular structure of given below compounds: •  CH 3-CH=C=C=O •  CH2-Cl-CH2-CH=CH-OH

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE -  •   CH2=CH-CH3 •  CH3-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2-Br •    CH3-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-Cl •   CH2=CH-OH •   CH3-CH2-OH

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE -  •   CH3-CH2-CH-Br2 •   CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2Cl •   CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 •   CH-F2-CH2-CH3 •   CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-Br2

Question 1. How to explain halogens in details.  Question 2. Give the physical & chemical properties of halogens.  Question 3. What is the characteristics of halogens. Give their uses.  Question 4. Give some Reactions with halogenic compounds to other metallic compounds.  Question 5. Why we called halogen of 17th group in the periodic table.                             **************

Exercising Questions :  Question 1.  Give the structural formula of following compounds : a) CCl4 b) CH2Cl2 c)   CH3CH2OH d) CHCl3 e) CH3Br f) CH3CH3CH2-I g) C6H4Br2 h) C6H50H Question 2.  Give the IUPAC name of following compounds: a) CH2-Cl-CH2-CH-Cl-OH b) CH3-CH2-CH-Br-CH3 c) C6H6

Exercise Questions for Haloalkanes Question  1. Give the structural formula of the following compounds.  a) Butane.  b) Butene.  c) Propylene.  d) Hexenon. e) 3-Pentanol. f) 2,4,5-Trimethyl Hexane.  Question 2.  Give the IUPAC name of the following compounds.  a) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH b) CH2-OH-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH c) CH2-O-CH-OH-CH2-CH3 d) C6H5OH e) C6H5CH3.  Question 3. What do you understand by aliphatic compounds. Give examples.                    

Topics that which we learn in further discussion as following : •  Heloalkanes.  •  Haloarenes.  •  Alifatic Halogen Compounds.  •  Aromatic Halogen Compounds.  •  IUPAC Nomenclature.  •  Nomenclature of Haloalkanes.  •  Isomerism in Haloalkanes.  •  Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes.  •  Physical Properties of Haloalkanes •  Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes.  •  Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions.  •  Elimination Reactions.  •  Satyzeff's Rule.  •  Stereochemical aspects of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes.  •  Chirality.  • Elementry of Symmetry.  •  Uses of Haloalkanes.                                   Thank you   !  

Practice Questions :   •   Important Questions for your examination point of view  Question 1.  भार प्रतिशत को परिभाषित कीजिए तथा इसके मात्रक बताईये?  Question 2.  किसी विलयन की  मोललता ताप पर निर्भर क्यों नहीं करती है?  Question 3.  मोलरता तथा नॉर्मलता ताप पर निर्भर क्यों करती है?  Question 4.  Urea का जलीय विलयन 100°C के ऊपर उबलता है लेकिन 0°C के नीचे जमता है व्याख्या करें।  Question 5.  अंडो को उबालने के लिए प्रयुक्त जल मे नमक मिलाया जाता है व्याख्या करें।  Question 6.  Henry's Law की व्याख्या करें एवं कुछ मुख्य अनुप्रयोग बतायें।  Question 7.    जल में गन्ने की शक्कर का भारनुसार 5℅ विलयन का हिमांक 271 K है। जल में 5℅ ग्लूकोज के हिमांक की गणना कीजिए, यदि pure water का freezing point 273.15 K  है।                           Thank you  ! 

•    Practice   Questions :  Question 1. What is Relative Lowering of vapour Pressure and how to determine the molecular mass of a solute from relative Lowering of vapour pressure.  Question 2.  298 K पर जल का vapour pressure 23.75 mm Hg है। इस ताप पर यूरिया के 5℅ जलीय विलयन का vapour pressure ज्ञान कीजिये।  Question 3.  किसी निश्चित ताप पर शुद्ध Benzene का vapour pressure 200 mm Hg है। उसी ताप पर 78 g Benzene में घुलित एक अवाष्पशील ठोस के 2 g युक्त एक विलयन का vapour pressure 195 mm Hg है। ठोस (solid) के molecular weight को calculate कीजिए।  Question 4. What is the Boiling Point of water, chloroform, ether, benzene and ethyl alcohol.  Question 5.  एक अवाष्पशील विलेय के 10g को 100g benzene में घोलने पर बेंजीन के boiling point (क्वथनांक) में 1°C की वृध्द्धि पायी जाती है। विलेय (solute) का molecular weight (अणु भार) क्या है। (For benzene Kb = 2.53K kg/mol.)                    ...

1.  Vapour  P ressure Lowering : when we adding a vapourised solute in the normal solvent there after changed in vapour pressure is called lowering of vapour pressure.  If any of pure solvent vapour pressure is p° and vapour pressure of solution is p,  Than,    lowering of vapour pressure = p°-p And relative lowering of vapour pressure = p°-p/p° [A]  Measurement   of   Relative   Lowering of   Vapour   Pressure : for the measurement the Ostward and Walker's dynamic method is most important method to measurement.  [B]    Determination of molecular mass of a solute from Relative   Lowering of Vapour Pressure : The formula of the calculating the molecular mass of solute as  Where, M' = molecular weight of solute.  w = molar mass of solute.  W = molar mass of solvent.  M = molecular weight of solvent.  •  Elevation of ...

Colligative Properties : Those properties of solution which depends upon number of the solute particles in solution is known as colligative properties of solution.  Among those colligative Properties is following :  1.  Vapour pressure lowering.   2.   Boiling point elevation.  3.   Melting point depresion.  4.  Osmotic pressure.                            Thank you  ! 

RAOULT'S LAW :                                Raoult's law is name after 'Francois Marie Raoult' who while conducting an experiment found out that when substances were mixed in a solution the vapour pressure of the solution decreased simultaneously. The law is established in the year of 1887. "Raoult's law the states that a solvents partial vapour pressure in a solution is equal or identical to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent multiply by mole fraction in the solution." Equation of Raoult's Law :  [  P solution = X solvent × P° solvent  ] Where,  •  P solution = vapour pressure of solution.  •  X solvent = mole fraction of solvent.  •  P° solvent = vapour pressure of the pure solvent.  Calculation of Raoult's Law for Volatile Liquids :               For a solution of valatile liquids, the partial vapour...

[A]    Factors affecting Solubility : •   Nature of solute and solvent.  •  Polarity of the solvent.  •  Temperature of solvents. •  Pressure.  •  Size of particles.  [B]    Determination of Solubility : •  Making  of saturated solution.   •  Evapourization.  •  Calculation.  [C]    Solubility Curves : किसी लवण(salt) की विलेयता (solubility) पर ताप (temperature) के प्रभाव (effect) को प्रायः एक वक्र (curve) द्वारा भी व्यक्त किया जा सकता है जिसे solubility Curves (विलेयता वक्र) कहा जाता है।  Generally these are two types of solubility Curves : (a)  Continuous Solubility Curves : This type of Curves have not sharp break as called continuous solubility curves.  Example :  NaCl, KCl, KClO3, NaNO3, etc.  (b)  Discontinuous Solubility Curves : It have the quality of sudden directional ch...

SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS :  •  Saturated Solutions  :   A solution that contains maximum amount of a solute in a given solvent at room temperature. No more solute can dissolve in it. It is a dynamic equilibrium between the undissolved and dissolved solute this is called saturated solution.   ( वह विलयन जिसमें किसी निश्चित ताप पर और अधिक विलेय को घोलना असंभव हो।)  •  Dissolution :   जब एक solid को liquid में dissolve किया जाता है तो molecular vebrations solute molecules को solution मे enter करने के लिए बाध्य करते हैं।  •  Precipitation : जैसे जैसे liquid state में solute molecules के concentration में बढ़ोतरी होती जाती है solute molecules solid state मे वापस आना शुरू कर देते हैं।  •  Unsaturated Solutions :    A solution that is capable of dissolving more solute at a given temperature that it already contains it is known as unsaturated solutions.  ...

HENRY'S LAW : William Henry gave this rule in 1803. Henry's law is applicable for the solution which are made by dissolving the gaseous solute in the liquid.  (जब हमारे पास गैस विलेय एवं विलायक कोई द्रव होता है तो उसके लिए हेनरी द्वारा यह नियम दिया गया।)  •  CO2 dissolved in solvent.  •  और अगर हमें किसी गैस को solvent में dissolve करना है तो उसके लिए गैस को pressure दिया जाता है।  • Solvent में उतनी ही गैस dissolve होगी जितना की गैस के ऊपर pressure apply किया गया हो।  •  x = mole fraction  •  m = Amount of Gas •  P = Pressure Definition of Henry's Law :   "Amount of the gas is dissolved in the solvent is directly proportional to the pressure applied over the solution." Mathematical representation is,        [m is proportional to p]       [  m = k.P.   ] Amount of the gas dissolved in ghe solvent is represent by mole fraction.      ...

Molarity : It is a solution which is the number of moles of the solute present in per liter of solution.  (प्रति लीटर विलयन में घुलित विलेय पदार्थ के मोलों की संख्या को विलयन की मोलरता कहते हैं)।  यह किसी निश्चित ताप पर ही हो सकता है।  •  It is denoted by 'M'. Formula :   •    M = (number of moles of solute/volume of solution in liter)                          Or                     M = n/v Unit : mol/liter or mol/L       Formality : It is used to solve the concentration of ionic compounds solutions. Denoted by 'F'. We could use  gram formula mass for ionic compounds. Because they have no discrete molecules e.g. molecular mass word is not valid for that kind of compounds.  "किसी निश्चित ताप पर प्रति लीटर विलयन में घुलित आयनिक पदार्थ के ग्राम सूत्र द्रव्यमान की संख्या विलयन की उस ताप पर फॉर्मलता कहलाती है।" (Gram ...

Composition of Solution/Concentration Units(विलयन का संघटन या सांद्रण इकाइयाँ) : The solvent that makes up most of solutions whereas a solute is the substance that is dissolved inside the solvent.  (विलायक की एक निश्चित मात्रा मे घुलित विलेय पदार्थ की मात्रा को विलयन का संघटन या विलयन का सांद्रण कहा जाता है।)These we can describes in many units that is following : 1.  Mass Percentage : A solute units persent in 100g of Solution is known as mass percentage or weight percentage. We denoted it is in mathematical way like   w/w.  ( 100g विलयन में उपस्थित ग्रामों में विलेय की मात्रा को द्रव्यमान प्रतिशत कहा जाता है। )  Formula :   •  mass percentage of solute = (mass of solute/mass of solution)×100  2.  Volume Percentage : 100 unit volume of solution is mixed with solute unit volume. How many amount are mixed with 100 unit volume of solution this is called volume percentage. It is denoted by v/v. •  volume is always counted i...