Class- 12th "SOLID STATE"

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General Introduction of Solid State

"Solid is the one of four fundamental states of matter. The particles(atom, molecules, or ions)in solid state are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy."

Characteristics of Solid state

• Particles distance is minimum. 
• Size,volume, mass, and shape are absolute. 
• Density is greater than gas and liquid states
• Moving character are less than liquids and gases. 
• Solids are heavier than liquids and gases. ( exception ice is lighter than water) 
• Particles are bound strongly by intramolecular forces. 

Classification of solid state On the basis of the nature of order present in the arrangement of their constituent particles. 
A- Crystalline Solids
It is a solid whose particles posses a regular order a long range arrangement. 
      Fig. 1:  arrangement of crystalline                       solids

Examples : NaCl, sugar cane, diamond, quartz, naphthalene, benzoic acid, copper, KNO3 etc. 

Characteristics of Crystalline Solids : 
• It usually consist of large number of small crystals. Each of them having definite characteristic. 
• Having sharp melting point. 
• It is anisotropic in nature. 
• It can be cleaved along a definite plane. Like shown in following structure. 
Fig. 2 : Cleavage of Crystalline Solids

• The heat of fusion is definite.
•  These are considered as true Solids
• Cooling curves are not smooth. 
Fig. 3 : Cooling Curve of crystalline                   solids

B- Non-Crystalline Solid or Amorphous Solids
An amorphous word is derived from Greek word 'Omorphe' it mean shapeless. 
It is irregular shape of crystalline solids. 
The arrangement of particles in the  solids is short order. 
 
Fig. 4 : Arrangement of Amorphous                   solids

Examples : Glass, Plastics, Ceramics, Rubber, Starch, Teflon, PVC, Polyurathane etc. 

Characteristics of Amorphous Solid
• It arrange in short-range order. 
• The Melting point are not sharp. 
• It is isotropic in nature like liquids. 
• It is supercooled liquids or Pseudo solids. 
• It can be cleaved ill definite shapes. 
fig. 5 : Cleavage of Amorphous Solids

• The heat of fusion is not definite. 
• Cooling curves are smooth without any break. 
fig. 5 : Cooling Curve of Amorphous                 Solids

Uses :  Making Glasses, plastics, rubbers, ceramics, an unbreakabe glasses. 

                 THANK YOU ! 

 

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