Knowledge Booster

General Introduction of Solid State "Solid is the one of four fundamental states of matter. The particles(atom, molecules, or ions)in solid state are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy." Characteristics of Solid state • Particles distance is minimum.  • Size,volume, mass, and shape are absolute.  • Density is greater than gas and liquid states • Moving character are less than liquids and gases.  • Solids are heavier than liquids and gases. ( exception ice is lighter than water)  • Particles are bound strongly by intramolecular forces.  Classification of solid state  On the basis of the nature of order present in the arrangement of their constituent particles.  A- Crystalline Solids It is a solid whose particles posses a regular order a long range arrangement.        Fig. 1:  arrangement of crystalline                     ...

Latice Energy  It is defined as the Energy required to completely seperate one mole of liquid ionic Compounds into gaseous constituent ions.  E.g. NaCl,      ∆H (lattice) = 788 kj/mol        Factors affecting Lattice Energy(U)  • Interionic distance.  • Charge on ions. 

" The attractive force which holds various constituents together in different chemical species is called Chemical bonding "   Types of Chemical bonding -  1. Ionic Bond - The bond formed as a result of electrostatic attraction between the positive(+ve) and negative(-ve) ions is called electrovalent or Ionic Bond.  2. Covalent Bond - One or more pairs of electrons are shared by the two atoms. Langmuir introduced the term of covalent bond in 1919.  These are two type of covalent bond is following: • Polar Covalent Bond   -   The bonding electrons shared unequally between two atoms partial charges on atoms.   Example: H2O, HCl, PCl3, PCl5. (The central atom attracts molecules more strongly than surrounding atoms)  • Non-Polar Covalent Bond -  The bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms. No charges on atoms.  Example: Cl2, H2, O2, N2, F2  • Co-ordinate Bond -  It is also known as Dative   Bond. The...

"It is a value that is used when describing the energy level available to atoms and molecules". There are four quantum numbers as following :- • Principle Quantum Number- The energy of electrons in an atom depends on principle quantum number. It is denoted ' n '. The principle quantum no.determines the energy of electron and size of the shell.  n= 1,2,3,4,5...... Electron shell= K, L, M, N, O......  Object of principle quantum number, it gives us the energy and radial distance.  • Azimuthal Quantum Number- It is the quantum no.for an atomic orbital that determines it's angular momentum and describes the shape of the orbital,  it is also know as Orbital Quantum Number. Denoted by ' l'. Object it gives us the magnetude of angular momentum of electron.  • Magnetic Quantum Number- It is deals with the direction of angular momentum  with respect to some fixed derection in space(that is the direction  along with a magnetic field is applied). It is denoted by...